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本研究對中國中部地上河地區地下水中橡膠添加劑及相關氧化產物（RAROPs）的存在情況進行了調查。檢測出了7種RAROPs，其在淺層地下水中的含量從黃河附近區域（平均值：8.49 ng L-1）到黃河遠岸區域（平均值：5.01 ng L-1）呈輕微下降趨勢。相比之下，深層地下水中RAROPs的含量急劇下降，僅為0.26 ng L-1。發現主要污染物為N-（1,3-二甲基丁基）-N'-苯基-對苯二胺（6PPD）。

車庫和停車場附近常被視為污染熱點區域。相關性分析進一步表明，水產養殖可能是淺層地下水污染物輸入的潛在途徑。由于城鄉發展不平衡，人類通過地下水攝入的RAROPs量相差近30倍。兒童最容易受到RAROPs的侵害。因此，人類活動（交通運輸、廢舊輪胎儲存、水資源分配與利用模式、黃河水引入養殖池塘）可能會通過地表土壤淋濾污染物，加劇地下水中RAROPs的污染。這些結果對于發展中國家制定適宜的地下水資源利用與保護策略具有重要意義。 

Each 300 mL of groundwater sample was filtered through precleaned 0.7 um GF (glass microfiber filter)/F membranes. Then, filtrateswere extracted by high flux automatic solid-phase extractor (FotectolPlus, RayKol Group Corp., Ltd., Xiamen, china) with Oasis hydrophiliclipophilic balanced (HLB) solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges (500mg6 mL1), following the proceduredescribed below.

Each cartridge was sequentially pre-conditioned with 10 mL ofmethanol and 10 mL of deionized water. After that, the filtrates wereloaded onto the cartridge at a flow rate of approximately 1.5 mL min-1The cartridge was then rinsed with 10 mL of mixed solvent (equalamount of methanol and deionized water by volume) and dried undernitrogen gas for 30 min. After drying, the analytes were eluted from theHLB cartridge using 15 mL methanol and 10 mL acetonitrile. The elutionwas finally evaporated to 0.5 mL, before being diluted to a final amountof 1 mL using deionized water for analysis using ultra-high-performanceliquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS).

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